Analysis Of George Orwell s 1984 And Animal Farm

Title/Author: 1984/ George Orwell Date of Publication/Genre: 1949/ Dystopian Fiction Biographical information about the author: George Orwell, who was originally Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 in British India. His two greatest novels include 1984 and Animal Farm. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelist of the 20th century. Historical information on the period of publication: During this period, the United Kingdom recognized the republic of Ireland. The United States claimed Israel as its own country and Communist China evolved to full power. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was also formed with the adjoining of 28 nations. Characteristics of the genre: Dystopian novels often explore the political structure of a society that is degraded and headed towards a sort of irreparable oblivion. Throughout the setting of a dystopia, oppression and suffering are often prevalent. Most writers of these novels tend to explore a specific reason as to why the society is that way. Setting (be as specific as you can be) Plot Summary: Winston smith is an everyday member of the outer party in the city of London, which is located in a nation called Oceania. He fulfills his duties as a worker for the Ministry of Truth, which completely re-writes past history to the likings of the party. Winston’s ministry is one of the four following: Ministry of Truth. Ministry of Plenty, Ministry of Peace, and Ministry of Love. Winston had rebellious thoughts against the party and theirShow MoreRelated Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes This study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of authors life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. ChapterRead MoreThe Storu- Animal Farm2755 Words   |  11 PagesThe story of Animal Farm is a political allegory of the situation of the communist Soviet Union. The author of the story George Orwell attempts to describe the events of the communist Russia and the bloody Revolutions through the characters of the Animal Farm. The novel introduces the story of a an animal farm which is being used to destroy the living of the animals by competing for the power in the governance of the farm which leaves the farm shattered in the end. It also depicts that how democracies Read MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages.........................................................................28 Mary Richmond.......................................................................................................................................................29 George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore, Tolly Toynbee, Gà ¼nther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich ............30 Sir William Beveridge .........................................................................................................................Read MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 PagesProcesses, Periods, and Stages www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/santrock Page 34 Children are the legacy we leave for a time we will not live to see. Aristotle Greek Philosopher, 4th Century B.C. EXPLORING HOW CHILDREN DEVELOP Twentieth-century philosopher George Santayana once reflected, â€Å"Children are on a different plane. They belong to a generation and way of feeling properly their own.† Let’s explore what that plane is like. Why Studying Children’s Development Is Important Why study children’s development

The Effects Of A Company On The Access Technology

Abstract This study examined the effects of a company not investing in the proper technology. A company not being able to market themselves in the digital world, would greater their chances of missed opportunities to invite, connect and interact with their customers. Since everyone is connected to the internet; it has allowed consumers and business to communicate at a faster pace. Thus it can be said that if an organization is not keeping up with technology, then they will continue to miss opportunities for growth. This will lead to poor performance and loss of sales. A company that has been around for 70 years would surely know how much of an impact not keeping up with time and not employing the right technology has in the marketplace. Wakefern Food Corp. has not only increase their sales but also made their customer’s shopping experience pleasant and up to date. This is why they are leading in the digital world. Their success can be measured by their rival and competitors closing the ir stores because they were not able to attract new customers. Research Paper: The Future of Wakefern Food Corp and their role in digital world During Wakefern Food Corp’s 70 years of business, they have shown continued growth. It acts as a member-owned cooperative for family owned supermarkets that service their communities. Wakefern Food Corp has a long and rich history and tradition to serve customers with quality products with suitable pricing. 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Diaper innovation

Question: Discuss about the Diaper innovation. Answer: Introduction The proficiency of innovation which is sustainable is a critical condition for success achieving a near-competitive advantage and long-term viability in an environment which is turbulent. Innovation is a way in which the business can change on its already installed concept or venturing on the part of the business that is left idle therefore making the competition irrelevant. However, sustainable and systematic innovation management practices that have the ability to change innovation technologies into globally competitive products are exhibited by few firms (Beeckman, et al, 2016). Drawing upon available literature, the report examines the application of diagnostic assessment for examination innovation management practices by Abena. Abena new technology in developing inpants in adult diapers to convers poops to crystals and freshen smell is reviewed concerning their performance on diagnostic evaluation, as well as national context within their market (Hwang and Christensen, 2008). Objectives The main objective of innovation is to create a good working environment for health workers. When the innovation is implemented, nurses will not counter bad odor hence they will be willing to serve the affected adults without attitude (Becker, et al., 2013). Company profile Abena is a Danish, family owned company dealing with the sale of health care products and related solutions with headquarter in Southern Denmark Aabenraa. The company operates in more than 60 countries worldwide supplying more than 25000 products. Their main clients are hospitals, doctors, nursing homes, incontinence clinics, and a range of business in the related field (Porter and Teisberg, 2004). The new innovation The company has an innovation process in adult diaper. They want to put an inplant in the diapers so as to prevent bad smell. This is a good idea and it will help to improve the health sector since the bad odor experienced by health workers while serving the adult in this status will be long gone (Lee, 2014). There are three ways in which innovation can be done. This includes Radical Innovation, Disruptive Innovation, and Incremental Innovation. These innovations have their strengths and weaknesses, so the chief innovation officer is the one to choose the best suit for the company (Hull, 2012). product generation Step 1: Generating After doing pest and SWOT analysis, the company always identify the weakness of their opponent and opportunity; as a result, Abena found opportunity in producing inpants in adult diapers (Li, et al 2011) Step 2: Screening the Idea The company should set specific criteria for ideas that should be used and those that should be dropped. They should compile the three most important competitors innovation ideas and develop something preferred and customer friendly than competitors (Copper Kleinschmidt, 2011). Step 3: Testing the Concept Before the official launch of the idea, a test must be done so as to identify the weakness, the strength, and challenges faced by the theory. Customer feedback is also important because they are the main target of innovation Step 4: Business Analytics During the New Product Development process, a system of metrics must be established to monitor the progress. Input and output metrics must be built to measure the average time of each stage and the value of launched product, the percentage of the product sold and other valuable feedback that can be used in improving the service. It is important for an organization to agree on this metrics (Do, et al, 2011) Step 5: Beta / Marketability Tests After analysis and improving on the feedback, the market test is better for a new product or service. This will provide valuable information that will promote last minute improvements and tweaks. Step 6: Technicalities + Product Development This step can be provided without the alteration of the post beta test. In this process, the production department will be ready to produce the product, the marketing department will be ready to market the product, and the finance department will be ready with the funds to finance the introduction of the new product or service (Eling, et al, 2015). Step 7: Commercialize In the commercializing stage, the product should have gone mainstream, the consumers are using the service and purchasing the goods, and there is monitoring done by the technical support on the product. At this stage, refreshing advertisements will keep the products name firmly in the minds of those in the contemplation stages of purchase Step 8: Post-Launch Review and Perfect Pricing At this stage, the efficiency of NPD is reviewed, and necessary adjustment are made the product is launched to the market, and it starts to operate fully (Rese Baier, 2011). Rent = Volume X Rate X Length Rent can, according to its profile: small/large volume; by the rate of margin either high or law, and through life cycle short/long. The total number of these combinations is eight although 6 configurations are defined (Beeckman, et al, 2016). Each configuration involves a distinct level of volume, length, and rate, therefore, identifying the anticipated rent to be obtained from innovation. They are described in the following terms: Shrimp- this is a type of configuration offering low rent potential due to its modest level of volume, length, and rate. It does not produce much interest Champion- this is an arrangement providing high potential rent Gadget- this is a type of innovation providing high rate and low volume and length resulting in little interest. A significant investment cannot be justified with this type of configuration (Fleuren, et al, 2004). Joker- this is a configuration with a low rate but high length and volume making it more attractive than Gadget. Flash in the Pan- in this configuration, the volume is high, the length is poor, and the rate are sometimes low and other times high making it challenging for the investor. Oasis this the type of configuration offering good length, low or high rates, and good length Abena Company will use champion configuration because it produces high potential rent. These innovation opportunities are essentially that got in the niche market. However for the company to secure a desirable rate of return from its innovation, it must rely on the nature of innovation, the resources, and the market where the innovation is to be installed. The market is likely to be influenced by the reaction of the clients toward the innovation whether they like it or not the other factors which will affect the market is the capacity of new market plus the power of competitors (Patit, 2012). IDD analysis of the new project. From a financial perspective, the return and risks associated with innovation are not evaluated by the diagnostic tool for companies engaging in early commercialization, taking financial risk-return assessment is difficult since the data made to perform discount cash flow analysis is not there. Two characteristic that are of value to innovation and can affect the innovation process are the systematic charter of innovation and the existence of one or more sectors of application of the innovation (Markides, 2006). In addition to rent, the innovation diagnostic diamond was created that analyses the firms performance on indices connecting its strategy, resources, market and the element of innovation. The IDD also analyzed the gaps in NPD of Abena in the first stages of commercialization, and its main gender is to help the firm fix this errors so as to have proper strategies. This part of analysis uses IDD to map in a graphical format the performance of the firm currently against the four index measures (Rese Baier, 2011). Market index this is a measure of how the firm is keen on customers needs and how the innovation offers customers need of money Innovation index this is to study how the process of the new service is done and the intellectual management of the firm(Wooten and Ulrich, 2017) Resource index this is the measure of the firms human, technological, financial and management resources Strategy index- this is the study of the strategic planning of the firm according to the commercialization process. Discussion on findings and analyses The lack of proper business model, insufficient funds, lack of enough market testing, inadequate management of intellectual properties, lack of appropriate business model and poor strategic marketing plans are common problem associated with commercialization (Bain and Kleinknecht, 2016). When successful firms are checked, they develop a flow-oriented innovation management process and they are proactive at chasing marketing opportunity and they dont take environment as being static. The external know-how and the expertise are used by this firms and they manage external relationships. The firms always understands the needs and wants of their audience and create a good rapport between the departments within the firm and functional departments And for the company to be successful, customer orientation and the possibility of running internal variation must be managed. The stuffs must also be trained and educated about the new innovation for the firm to be successful (Eling, et al, 2015). Conclusion The main aim of many investors is to win the potential users and to adopt their innovation and to face market dynamic involved in market power of suppliers and customers. Other challenges may be as a result of the activities of potential competitors who may threaten to erode any competitive advantage enjoyed by the firm by either submit ion of imitation innovation. Any new innovation delivering an erosion of effecting anticipated rent and competitive advantage is likely to feel the impact of this market forces. Evaluation of the generic prosperity is required in assessing the power of customers so as to adopt innovation within the targeted market sector. In case a small prosperity is adopted then the volume of rent is likely to be reduced (Ravi and Sing, 2013). References Bain, D., Kleinknecht, A. (Eds.). (2016). New concepts in innovation output measurement. Springer. Beckers, F., Chiara, N., Flesch, A., Maly, J., Silva, E., Stegemann, U. (2013). A risk-management approach to a successful infrastructure project (No. 52, p. 146). McKinsey Working Papers on Risk. Beeckman, D., Van Damme, N., Schoonhoven, L., Van Lancker, A., Kottner, J., Beele, H., Van Hecke, A. (2016). Interventions for preventing and treating incontinence?associated dermatitis in adults. The Cochrane Library. Christensen, C. M., Bohmer, R., Kenagy, J. (2000). Will disruptive innovations cure health care?. Harvard business review, 78(5), 102-112. Cooper, R. G., Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2011). New products: The key factors in success. Marketing Classics Press. Do, T. H., Volery, T., Mazzarol, T., Reboud, S. (2011). Determinants of the Innovation Rent. Eling, K., Langerak, F., Griffin, A. (2015). The Performance effects of combining rationality and intuition in making early new product idea evaluation decisions. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(3), 464-477. Fleuren, M., Wiefferink, K., Paulussen, T. (2004). Determinants of innovation within health care organizations. International journal for quality in health care, 16(2), 107-123. Hall, R., Agarwal, R., Green, R. (2013). The future of management education in Australia: challenges and innovations. Education+ training, 55(4/5), 348-369. Hull, J. (2012). Risk management and financial institutions, + Web Site (Vol. 733). John Wiley Sons. Hwang, J., Christensen, C. M. (2008). Disruptive innovation in health care delivery: a framework for business-model innovation. Health Affairs, 27(5), 1329-1335. Lee, T. H. (2014). The strategy that will fix health care. Li, J., Chen, J., Wang, S. (2011). Introduction. In Risk Management of Supply and Cash Flows in Supply Chains (pp. 1-48). Springer New York. Markides, C. (2006). Disruptive innovation: In need of better theory. Journal of product innovation management, 23(1), 19-25. Petit, Y. (2012). Project portfolios in dynamic environments: Organizing for uncertainty. International Journal of Project Management, 30(5), 539-553. Porter, M. E., Teisberg, E. O. (2004). Redefining competition in health care. Harvard business review, 64-77. Quintane, E., Mitch Casselman, R., Sebastian Reiche, B., Nylund, P. A. (2011). Innovation as a knowledge-based outcome. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(6), 928-947. Ravi, K., Singh, S. (2013). Risk Prediction for Production of an Enterprise. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, 2(3), 237-244. Rese, A., Baier, D. (2011). Success factors for innovation management in networks of small and medium enterprises. RD Management, 41(2), 138-155. Wooten, J. O., Ulrich, K. T. (2017). Idea generation and the role of feedback: Evidence from field experiments with innovation tournaments. Production and Operations Management, 26(1), 80-99.

Oz Supermarket Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Oz Supermarket Innovation. Answer: Introduction This paper answers two key questions about retail store operations including how innovation s used by an organization for business operations and what measures can be taken for improvements in customer service and business operations in a retail store. The paper takes the case of Oz Supermarket that sells stocks household, stationery and non-perishable items and has innovated its operations with the use of wave cards for its customers who need not stand in the queue to pay for their purchases thereby bring them convenience of shopping. This paper explores if there could be more ways for improving business operations of the organization and recommends certain ideas for improvement of existing system as well as implementation of new systems for customer service and operations improvement. Business Operation Oz Supermarket is a retail chain that stocks household, stationery and non-perishable items in its stores. The company has innovated its delivery system by making it automatic for consumers such that they do not have to stand in the queues. Customers of today are busy in their lives and need faster services. They do not like wait in a queue but like to avoid the same. Thus, the use of PayWave can be very useful for the company as it allows the customer to not wait in the queue but only take the items for purchase and leave the store by waving the card such that it automatically makes the payment from the account balance against the cart items taken. The company has implemented PayWave technology which allows store visitors to just fill in their carts and move out of store without having to pay at the counters. PayWave technology is a contact less payment system in which a plastic card with filled in balance can be used at a store such that a customer only has to wave the card to get the purchase of items completed. The cart used for shopping by the customer would be connected with a prepaid card that the customer would be provided such that as soon as an item is added to the cart, the bill is charged to the customer. This amount getting deducted from their membership cards as soon as they go out of the store waving their cards. Trolleys contain RFID readers that enable this facility. If a new customer does not have an account with PayWave technology, a temporary cash deposit facility is available such that the retail store immediately issues a card that can be used by the customer for shopping. An alarm ring gets buzzed if the deposited amount is unable to pay for the items chosen. Besides the cart facility, there are also additional services provided by the company such as shopping summary at stations to view cart items and timed store car park which allows parking at low rate during non-peak periods and at a higher rate in peak hours(Reinartz, Dellaert, Krafft, Kumar, Varadarajan, 2011). Add ition of a cart that itself takes care of the billing and payment; the shopping experience can be very convenient for the shopper as well as fast. Recommendations Various other retail models of big organizations including Amazon, Carrefour, and more can be explored to identify various kinds of retail store innovations that are done in these stores such that the chosen organization can make use of their best practices for the innovation. Some recommendation can thus be used for making improvements in the current self-retail system of Oz Supermarket such as: Zero Moment of truth (ZMOT) is a concept launched by Google that can be used for capitalizing on the conversations between the brand and its consumers in the path to purchase such as conversations with sales person, review from customers, and direct interaction with the seller(Nielsen , 2013). This technological enhancement would allow the company to track the behavior of buyer throughout its journey with the retail store such that the customer needs, preferences, and challenges can be understood better which would help the company come up with plans to attract these buyers and serve them better. The retail store can make use of multiple channels and formats to reach out to customers rather than completely dependent on old brick and mortar model. For this, the company can allow customers to place orders online and come to pick the pre-ordered items from the store. Today, a lot of customers like to make purchases online the company can miss out on them if they did not have any online purchase facility. Thus, an option for online purchase can actually be very useful both for customer for convenience and for company for increasing store sales. The store can come up with a mobile application that can be used by the customers for surfing past purchase lists, record their purchase histories, recipes and so on. The mobile application can also be used as a guiding tool making a customer in the store through the process of picking, deciding quantities, and the schedule for delivery as per their chosen list of items. When a customer is provided with assistance from the use of mobile phone, it can make the shopping experience of the customer better and more enjoyable thereby increasing his or her satisfaction with the shopping at the store. With the enhanced shopping experience, there are higher chances of customer making purchases and becoming loyal with the retail store. Improve Customer Service There can be several ways in which customer service can be improved at Oz super market in addition to adopting the procedures already mentioned earlier such as: Establishing a communication strategy and implementing effective solutions: In a retail market, keeping operational costs under control can be a big challenge as it requires the business to have process efficiency and employee productivity intact. Communication plays a significant role in driving these as it would help store managers and employees stay focused on their work and collaborate effectively. Thus, installation of two-way business radios covering the entire store is recommended such that information like slow moving requests, out of stock situations, and customer complaints can be timely communicated to concerned people in the store so that any problems that are likely to occur can either be sorted out or tackled well. Retail Markdown Optimization: retails face competitive pressures as well as have to deal with the frequent changes happening in the consumer preferences. The aim of the organization would remain to maximize their margins while they sell off the merchandize. If Retail Markdown Optimization is used for the OZ hyper store, it can help the company take right pricing and inventory decisions considering the constraints of the business. With this innovation, the company would be able o take decisions on what items would need price manipulation or what amount of merchandize to be stocked in which seasons. The store would be able to save from the mistakes in markdown such as too low price offering causing margins to suffer, too high pricing to lose revenues because of reducing demand or leading to an inventory that is leftover. Sales forecasts are already done in the company butut may not exactly make any predictions about the impacts of retail promotions as these forecasts are incapable to t aking the complete product life cycle into account. However, with optimal markdown decisions, the full product life cycle impacts can be judged and the full value of the merchandize can be realized(Marx Erasmus, 2006). There are software applications available such as ones by oracle and SAS that can help do this helping retail companies to take decisions on inventory management and merchandize clearance for improving the product lifecycle pricing and promotion impacts(Oracle, 2015). This optimization incorporates demand variations as per demography or geography, identification of most profitable locations for inventory keeping, and creation of most profitable markdown events. There are already examples of big retail organizations using these software for forecasting and inventory or cost optimization that have resulted into an increase in gross margin and in sell-through after first markdown itself. Markdown optimization can help an organization in many ways such as to take more effective pricing decisions, improve store performance, achieve financial targets, and maximize profits. This can be an alternative for Oz store to incorporate so as to improve their operations and give the best deals to cu stomers while at the same ensuring right benefit to the retailer(Dydacomp, 2014). Besides the technology, the super store can also use other methods for improving their customer service such as: Customer oriented culture: the super store can instil a culture in the organization which is oriented towards customer service and this would include realignment of management as well as the employees of the organization. To enable this from the start, staffing and selection process, structure formations, and customer satisfaction measurement processes can all be worked upon with focus on customer(Salmon, 2013). Total Customer Experience: Instead of providing only basic and some add on services, the retail store can focus on giving customer a wholesome experience starting from the entry in the store to exit. One of the strategies that company is already using is use of wave cards so that customers do not have to spend time in queues waiting to pay for their purchase. However, there can be additional experiential benefits that can be provided to the customers to let them enjoy shopping such as appropriate lighting, smooth music, easy navigation layout, and so on that can enhance the customer satisfaction(CSSP, 2007). Improving Business Operations Business operations of Oz Supermarket can be improved in different ways such as: Data Analytics: POS data can be analyzed to come up with merchandizing and promotion variations or customizations to suit the tasks of specific customer segments based on demographics of psychographics. In-store Experience video recordings can be analyzed using intelligence tools to understand what brings loyalty in customers and that insight can be used for refining and improving store loyalty programs(IBM, 2010). Automated inventory management: Automated inventory management may be installed at Oz for managing end to end process so as to improve the accuracy and efficiency of inventory management. The automation in the inventory management can include tagging accuracy checks, printing activities, sales floor or backroom layout designs, and pricing management. This can help streamline all the processes involved in inventory management starting from receiving of stocks from suppliers, put-away that involves coding and tagging of items, picking, packing, shipping, error free pricing management including pricing at item level and at shelf level, replenishment of inventory, and item tracking using codes for visibility. Benefits of inventory management can be increase in productivity because of elimination of most manual work, reduction on costs because of reduced human resource requirement, reduction in errors, increase in sales, increase in customer satisfaction, and protection of profitability o f the retail store with prevention of lost sales and assurance of adequate pricing(Motorola Solutions, Inc., 2013). Conclusions The paper explored the case of Oz Super market that had installed wave cards for its customer to market their shopping experience easer by allowing them to take carts, take item and pay before leaving only with a wave of a plastic card making them avoid the standing in the queue. The paper explored if there could be more ways other than this innovation that can be used for improving business operations and customer service of the retail store. Some solutions were recommended such as customer conversation capitalizing using zero moment of truth, use of multiple channels, development of mobile application, data analytics, automated inventory management, establishing effective communication strategies, retail markdown optimization, development of a customer oriented culture, and creation of a total customer experience. All these strategies can be useful for improving customer satisfaction through improvement in customer service levels and enhancing business productivity with improvement s in its operations. Thus, these methods are recommended to be implemented for the Oz super store to get them both operational and sales benefits in the long run. References CSSP. (2007). Customer Satisfaction: Improving Quality And Access To Services And Supports In Vulnerable Neighborhoods. Center for Study of Social Policy. Dydacomp. (2014). Drive Your Retail Sales Growth With Operational Efficiencies eBook. Dydacomp. IBM. (2010). Increasing Sales, Improving Efficiency, Working Smarter in Retail. IBM. Marx, N. J., Erasmus, A. C. (2006). An evaluation of the customer service in supermarkets in Pretoria East, Tshwane Metropolis, South Africa. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, 55-67. Motorola. (2009). Improve Customer Service with Instant Communication. Motorola. Motorola Solutions, Inc. (2013). Improve Productivity And Customer Service In The Retail Store With Automated Inventory Management. Motorola Solutions, Inc. Nielsen . (2013). Continuous Innovations: The Key to Retail Success. The Nielsen Company. Oracle. (2015). Oracle Retail Markdown Optimization. Oracle. Reinartz, W., Dellaert, B., Krafft, M., Kumar, V., Varadarajan, R. (2011). Retailing Innovations in a Globalizing Retail Market Environment. Journal of Retailing , S53S66. Salmon, K. (2013). The Compelling, though Sometimes Elusive, Benefits of Markdown Optimization. Kurt Salmon.

ASL literature Essay Example

ASL literature Paper Narratives Story told using ASL and typically deals with Deaf cultures and issues or historically significant events or triumphs ion Deaf life often dealing with deaf life in a hearing world ASL poem Uses ASL to tell a poetic story in many genres through sign. Clayton Vallie, Ella Mae Lentz Handshape rhyme Uses one hand shape to tell story with rhythm, meter. CL story Uses CLs to make the whole plot driven story number story Uses number to create an entire plot and story. Typically in a pattern 1,2,1,2, or sequence 1-10, etc abc story Use letters to create entire story. Typically A-z or Z-A to make whole story. Parts of CL stories and HS.

Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies The WritePass Journal

Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies Part1: Annotated Bibliography                             Part2: Police Powers of Control of Public AssembliesRelated [POLICE POWERS: BIBLIOGRAPHY] (a) you are required to complete a (part annotated) bibliography on the topic â€Å"Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies† (annotated): you should describe the relevance of the contents of the materials you find and comment upon them).                                                                                                                                       (b) You must write a paragraph on Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies which contains: one properly referenced quotation, one properly referenced paraphrase of material from one of your identified sources and one sentence of your own composition. Part1: Annotated Bibliography (a) You should identify and properly reference (to exact OSCOLA protocols) eight books – three of which should be annotated. AW Bradley and KD Ewing: Constitutional and Administrative Law (14th edition, Pearson Education 2007) This is the 14th edition of Bradley and Ewing’s authoritative work and deals with the unwritten constitution of the UK and the intricacies of administrative law in great detail. The authors deal with police powers and public assemblies in chapter 24 which includes discussion of the Human Rights Act. They point out that the influence of Human Rights in this area will not change the course of police powers but rather act as a means to prevent their further growth since 9/11. Hilaire Barnett: Constitutional and Administrative Law (7th edition, Routledge Cavendish 2008) This book is the 7th edition of another authoritative work on constitutional and administrative law in the United Kingdom. The author approaches the subject of police control and public assemblies in the second half of the book. Albert V.Dicey: Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (8th edition, Liberty Fund Inc 1982) A.V. Dicey was the foremost British constitutional jurist of his day. For Dicey, there was no specific right of freedom of assembly or association – it was a by-product of the freedom of the individual to do as they wished so far as it was not prohibited by law.   Dicey recognised, therefore, that there were limitations to an individuals’ freedom of assembly, but these were â€Å"grounded on the absolute necessity for preserving the King’s peace† (at p.174). Paul Craig: Administrative Law (6th edition, Sweet Maxwell 2008) Ewing, KD and Gearty, CA: The Struggle for Civil Liberties: Political Freedom and the Rule of Law in Britain (Oxford University Press 2001)    Helen Fenwick: Civil Liberties and Human Rights (3rd edition, Routledge-Cavendish 2002)       Richard Stone: Textbook on Civil Liberties and Human Rights (8th edition, Oxford University Press 2010) David Williams: Keeping the Peace: The Police and Public Order (1st edition, Hutchinson 1967) (b) You should identify and properly reference (to exact OSCOLA protocols) five journal articles three of which should be annotated. Neil Parpworth, ‘Public Assemblies and the Statutory Power to Impose Conditions’ in Justice of the Peace Local Government Law [2000] 164 (20), 376-378    This journal article examines the police powers to impose conditions on public processions and assemblies under the Public Order Act. The article is a case comment on Broadwith v Chief Constable of Thames Valley [2000] Crim.L.R.924 (DC) which concerned s.14(5) and whether a protestor was bound by a Police direction for a prior assembly he had not participated in. Gabrielle Moore, ‘Policing Protest’ in Criminal Law Justice Weekly [2011] 175 (1/2), 12 This journal article argues that individuals are being denied their right to protest with misapplication of the Public Order Act 1986 s.14 (which gives police officers the authority to impose conditions on individuals if they are of the opinion that criminal acts may result from an assembly). Sally Ramage, ‘The Right to Protest: Should Police Charge Demonstrators a Fee?’ in Criminal Lawyer [2009] 192, 1-3 This article looked at the issue of policing for the group of 20 economic summit in London on 1st April 2009 in London and considers the police tactics of â€Å"kettling† and whether this constitutes a deprivation of protestors civil liberties. Michael Connolly, ‘Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of the Person: Advance Notice Imposing Conditions on Public Assembly’ in Journal of Civil Liberties [2000] 5(2), 223-230    G.T Williams, ‘Processions, Assemblies and the Freedom of the Individual’ in Criminal Law Review [1987] March 167-179 (c) You should identify and properly reference (to exact OSCOLA protocols) twenty cases – the most recent of which should be annotated. 1.Carter v Crown Prosecution Service [2009] EWHC 2197 (Admin); [2010] 4 All E.R. 990; This case concerned s.30 of the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 where a police officer with the rank of at least Superintendent has reasonable grounds to believe that members of the public have been intimidate, harassed, alarmed or distressed as a result of the behaviour of two or more members of the public in an area where anti-social behaviour is a problem then authorisation may be given for police officers in uniform to have extra powers. The facts of the case are that in August 2008 the appellant was with a group of other youths who were causing a public nuisance and behaving unacceptably. They were warned by a police patrol not to do so in accordance with a â€Å"dispersal order† but the group, after initially complying, got back together and flouted the order and the appellant was arrested and charged. The case at first instance was decided against the defendants: the magistrates had misinterpreted the legislation and thought that oral evidence of the â€Å"dispersal ord er† equated to authorisation under the 2003 Act. The appellate court overturned the conviction for lack of evidence of authorisation under s.30. 2.Kay v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2008] UKHL 69; [2008] 1 W.L.R. 2723; 3.R. (on the application of Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire [2006] UKHL 55; [2007] 2 A.C. 105; [2007] 2 W.L.R. 46; 4.R. (on the application of Singh) v Chief Constable of the West Midlands [2005] EWHC 2840 (Admin); [2006] Po. L.R. 1; 5.R. (on the application of W) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2006] EWCA Civ 458; [2007] Q.B. 399; [2006] 6.University of Oxford v Broughton [2006] EWHC 1233 (Admin); (2006) 103(25) L.S.G. 28 (QBD (Admin)) 7.Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2007] EWCA Civ 989; [2008] Q.B. 660;))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8. Brogan v United Kingdom (1988) 11 EHRR 117 9. Brown v Stott [2003] 1 AC 681; [2001] 2 WLR 817; [2001] 2 All ER 97, PC 10. Chief Constable of Cleveland Police v McGrogan [2002] EWCA Civ 86; [2002] 1 FLR 707 11. De Jong, Baljet and Van den Brink  v The Netherlands (1984) 8 EHRR 20 12. Guzzardi v Italy (1980) 3 EHRR 333 13. McQuade v Chief Constable Humberside Police [2001] EWCA Civ 1330; [2002] 1 WLR 1347 A 14. McVeigh, ONeill and Evans v United Kingdom (1981) 5 EHRR 71 15. Maguire v Chief Constable of Cumbria Constabulary [2001] EWCA Civ 619, CA 16. Osman v United Kingdom (1998) 29 EHRR 245 17. R v Jones (Margaret) [2006] UKHL 16; [2007] 1 AC 136; [2006] 2 WLR 772; 18. R v Kamara [1974] AC 104; [1973] 3 WLR 198; [1973] 2 All ER 1242, HL(E) 19. Thomas v Sawkins [1935] 2 KB 249 20. Duncan v Jones [1936] 1 KB 218                              Part2: Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies The control of public assemblies is becoming an ever more contentious issue in light of recent protests against the Coalition Government and their unpopular austerity measures. The Human Rights Act is beginning to filter into our system of protest and assembly but it cannot yet be said to be presenting a challenge to laws which have long held sway[1]. As Bradley and Ewing observe: â€Å"The same vigorous approach to freedom of assembly has not always been adopted in other cases – such as those involving noisy anti-globalisation or angry anti-war protestors. In these cases Convention rights have yielded to other concerns, notably the need to maintain public order under common law rules created long before the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998†[2]. The student protests of 2010 were another recent example of kettling and the inability of the human rights act to stop the police using excessive force on public demonstrations. [1] AW Bradley and KD Ewing: Constitutional and Administrative Law (14th edition, Pearson Education 2007) at p.598 [2] Ibid at p.598

Can You Motivate The Unmotivated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Can You Motivate The Unmotivated - Essay Example Jenkins emphasizes that restricting the use of L1 does not help develop the positive attitude towards L2. In fact, flexibility to use L1 can motivate the students and provide the necessary foundation on which to build. Dà ¶rnyei (2001) agrees that facilitation, not control can motivate humans. Jenkins asserts that restricting the use of L1 is monolingualism and this practice is ineffective in low-level homogenous EFL settings. This is because languages have strong, inseparable and complex ties to culture and insisting on monolingualism is to exert pressure on the students to check their identities. The question then arises whether restricting the use of L1 assists in or inhibits the proper acquisition and learning of the second language, in short, whether it is an asset or a liability. This paper sheds some light on motivation theories and their application with respect to EFL. This would help the teaching fraternity as well as help students in developing a positive attitude towards the target language, thereby enabling them to lay a firm foundation for speaking and writing in L2. In order to evaluate the issue under consideration, I will look at the recent research works and studies on L2 motivation as a second language (in a foreign environment) or foreign language (in a native English-speaking country). For the analysis of the problem, I have selected a few relevant documents to accumulate knowledge and to establish well-grounded theoretical context and conceptual framework for the paper. So this assignment can also serve as a comprehensive summary of the relevant studies which comprise, for example, Clà ©ment and Gardne, (2001), Dà ¶rnyei (2001a, 2001c) and MacIntyre (2002).

Week 4 Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 4 Journal - Essay Example ime when students from families which are above average cannot afford to have all the required for their courses and every student has to either borrow the book from a friend or from some library in order to get necessary information for their required project or course. Apart from students getting into a psychological state of inferiority, lack of proper textbooks has been shown to affect student’s grades as well. When students won’t get the required information from an authentic source, their lack of knowledge is definitely going to affect them in their studies. Measures should be taken to provide the students with their textbooks free of cost or if not possible, at a cost which is affordable to them since the prices of these books has rocketed high in the sky in the last 10-12 years. "College textbook sticker shock causes students to leave books on the shelves."ContraCostaTimes.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2014.

Online education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online education - Essay Example With advanced technology, the world today has adopted everything to be digital. With learning institutions not left behind, today traditional form of learning is being replaced with online learning.Many higher learning institutions and colleges are offering Massive Open Online Courses where students register and learn online. Initially, people get updated with dynamic changing demands in profession, education, industries and commerce. There is more use of blogs, e-portfolios, and smart phones, projectors among others (Zane and Lin 357). Online education is widely used by people aging between 30 years and above since they find it hard to be in a classroom with young people. In addition, online courses offer freedom to learners as they can attend classes at their own convenience. That is there is no time table as to the time and venue where the course will be taken. This makes it flexible and convenient to full time workers, employers, parents and any other person who cannot afford tim e to attend classes. Online education discriminates the poor who cannot access internet or computers at their homes (Rina 55). Since every development and advancement has both benefits and limitations, online learning has social, economic, social and technological limitations. By comparing the traditional mode of learning and the online education, traditional learning method has more beneficial factors to online education. Traditional education was not only gaining knowledge but it encouraged social interaction. By interacting with other people, one is able to gain courage and understand the real life experiences. In addition, group discussion is a motivating factor that helps students to face life with courage. Majority of those who support online education argue that it is time saving and cost effective. To be relevant, it saves the traveling time to students but to educators, it is not time saving compared to traditional education. This is because the educator has to respond to e very student’s query which is all different. It is difficult to address the requirements of students’ different backgrounds and cultural beliefs which might be different from the educational culture provided online (Siddiqui 92). In addition, online education is not convincing enough since the learner does not get the argumentative point to a response. To support traditional method, students and teachers are more exposed to subjects as they learn from each other (Yukiko 96). For instance, a student learns from another student views, the teacher’s stand, and this leads to better educators, therefore, better system. In addition, in one has access to a variety of materials to study like student’s centre, library, laboratories and writing centre. These facilities are not available in online learning and the learning environment may not be conducive for learning due to interruptions of children, unexpected visitors among other family issues. Online education l imits thinking capacity and narrows the development process of children (Dominguez 17). In the growth and development of children, it is important for them to interact socially and play together. With the introduction of online education, children sit behind a computer and perform his or her task. This is so boring to them and they may end up developing some flimsy characteristics. Traditional education gives room for interaction and sharing of idea in and out of classroom. This is because all students participate in group discussions and during break time, they are able to interact freely. Additionally, learning is not only books and exams, there is need to discuss factors affecting like. In traditional learning, instructors teach students social life as he or share life experiences (Beers 512). This is a way of guiding students on how to

First Case Using DNA in the UK

First Case Using DNA in the UK No humans are exactly alike, and the DNAs are what constructs humans to be genetically unique. Using an extraordinary finding about DNA fingerprinting, a murderer of two 15-year-old in Leicestershire was successfully convicted. On November 21, 1983, Lynda Mann left her house to babysit for a lady down the road. While walking back home on a path called the Black Pad, Lynda was raped and strangled by a man. Her body was found the next morning. The story of Lynda Mann was discussed everywhere near the area and the people in the village were living in fear because the murderer was not found for quite a while. They suspected a man named Colin Pitchfork, a baker with 2 sons, but when asked about what he was doing on the night Lynda Mann disappeared, he answered that he was babysitting his child in his home. The case went cold. On July 31, 1986, another girl named Dawn Ashworth did not return home after taking a shortcut home. After two days, her body was found in a path called Ten Pound Lane. It was found out that she was raped, beaten and strangled. The two murders appeared to be done by the same person and the people believed now that the murderer was local. Richard Buckland, a 17-year-old boy with learning disabilities has been going around the murder scene of Dawn, telling people and the police that they were looking in a wrong spot. He was a local, working in a Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital. He did not give a definite answer on what he was doing the night when Dawn went missing and so the police arrested him. After questioning, he admitted to the crime involving Dawn Ashworth but denied the murder of Lynda Mann. Thanks to the DNA profiling, it was found out that Richard Buckland was not the killer and Colin Pitchfork was arrested for the murders. This case is interesting because it is the first case where DNA fingerprinting was used to release and convict a person. Even though the village people had skepticism towards the new method of identifying a person, they all agreed to participate and that is how they could connect Colin Pitchfork with the murders. Now, DNA testing is used all around the world and is considered one of the most efficient way to identify a criminal. From Lynda Manns body, the police found and linked a semen sample to a person with a type A blood. They also found an enzyme profile that matched only 10 percent of males. No other evidence was found. Then, from Dawn Ashworths body, they found a semen sample that revealed the same blood type. However, the prime suspect, Richard Buckland, continued to admit to the murder of Dawn but deny the murder of Lynda. The police were sure that those two murders were committed by the same person because the modus operandi of the second murder matched that of the first. Modus operandi, which translate to modes of operation, is someones habit of working usually regarding business or crime. When the police felt that they needed extra help in discovering the murderer, they contacted Sir Alec Jeffrey, a researcher and a scientist at the university of Leicester. He discovered that human DNA produces a constant but unique patterns that can be used to identify one person and find out relationships between family members (Jeffreys, Thein, Wilson, 1985, p. 76). The first method used for DNA profiling involved RFLP analysis. A sample such as blood or semen is cut into small pieces by restriction enzyme. This produces thousands of DNA fragments of different sizes. Then, the fragments are sorted out by size by gel electrophoresis. After this, the fragments are transferred on to the nylon membrane. The process is called Southern blot. A radioactive DNA probe is added where it binds to specific fragments. Lastly, X-ray film is placed to detect the radioactive pattern. Using this method, he compared the semen sample collected from both victim, Lynda and Dawn, and found out that the murder was indeed committed by the same person. However, the prime suspects DNA did not match the DNA of the semen sample. The police had to let Richard Buckland go. To find the murderer, the police went on a man hunt and asked all the male in the village from ages 18-34 to voluntarily take a blood test so they could compare their DNA with the killers DNA. It was solely for elimination purposes. The man hunt was a slow process and the operation was massive. Just when the police were losing hope, everything turned around one day. On August 1, 1987, Ian Kelly, one of Colin Pitchforks, the man that was questioned for Lynda Mann few years back, fellow worker at the bakery, told his colleagues in a Leicester pub that he has gone to do the blood test instead of Pitchfork because he has asked him to. Pitchforks excuse was that he had already given his blood pretending to be a friend who wanted to avoid being questioned about a youthful conviction for burglary. A woman overheard what Ian Kelly said and called the police to report it. On September 19, 1987, Pitchfork was arrested. His blood and saliva matched the semen samples taken from the scene of two crimes (Ottawa, Ont, 1988). This could be seen from the pattern of the DNA. When the x-ray of both sampled are placed beside each other, you could see that the pattern of 2 bands were the same or similar in location. He eventually admitted to the murders and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The impacts that this crime had to the society is the fact that young women feel more vulnerable no matter where they are. They have to live in constant fear that they might be a victim of a rape or murder just because they were simply there (Siddle, 2015). Lynda Manns sister, Rebecca Eastwood has set up an online petition against releasing Pitchfork and it has passed 4,000 signatures. She fears that If released he will kill again and he will always be danger to the public (Siddle, 2015). The fact that he doesnt have to wait for girls to hunt anymore but simply go online and find girls on social media websites scares many people that he would commit the same crime but through an easier way. Rebecca has said that Pitchfork has effected her family, especially her mom. she has been strong and tough through out the years knowing that he is in prison. She does not know how her mom would carry on if he is released. This case forces law enforcements and government to prioritize security at night in pathways and roads. The government also has to make sure that young children are not walking by themselves late at night because they could get themselves in danger. This case has also proven that DNA fingerprinting is an efficient way to identify a person through blood, saliva, semen and so on. The people, who were not really sure if this method would work, were reassured after Colin Pitchfork was arrested that this way of testing worked and that this finding is revolutionary to forensic science. Colin Pitchfork was sentenced to a minimum term of 30 years. However, in 2009, Pitchforks sentence was reduced to 28 years. Bibliography Man nabbed by genetic fingerprints gets life. (1988, Jan 23). The Ottawa Citizen Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/239145129?accountid=15182 Colin Pitchfork: DNA evidence snared child rapist who killed my sister please do not let him go free; Colin Pitchfork was the first criminal in the world to be convicted on DNA evidence and was jailed for life in 1988 for killing two schoolgirls.(2015, May 5) Irishmirror.ie, Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic Butler, J. M. (2010). Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing. London: Academic Press. Peter Cheney, T. S. (1991, Oct 05). GENETIC FINGERPRINTING legal breakthrough inexact science? Toronto Star Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/436502141?accountid=15182 Baird, R. [Ronald Baird]. (2016, August 11). True crime stories about Colin Pitchfork Code of a Killer. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deoZEm1e8TIt=27s. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V., and Thein, S. L. (1985a). Individual-specific fingerprints of human DNA. Nature 316: 76-79.

walden two Essay -- essays research papers

Walden Two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two, Skinner presents many positive changes to society in his utopia, such as: division of labor, encouragement of perusing your own interests in education, and absolute equality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Walden Two, a member is paid in credits that are required by the society. Each person earns a certain amount of credits per hour for every job they do. Everyone is expected to work to receive 4-6 credits for one day. The amount of credits-per-hour depends on the job. A more physically demanding or unpleasant job would receive more points then something less taxing. This is an effective way or contracting society because it has people work enough to get the necessary work done to drive the society without overworking and tapping out the worker. When Castle and Frazier discuss whether a community can survive on such little work, we understand that the people who are working are working with intent and without distractions and not under distracting supervision. It is also useful because it allows people to choose how to spend their time. If they would like to get their work down quickly by doing a more challenging job, that is their choice and they are not being m ade to do so. This also allows people to freely move around with jobs. They are not locked into one job for the rest of their life. If they do not like it, they can sign up for a new job tomorrow. This allows you to pursue your interests wit...

4.2 Workfile Review

4. 2 Warning: Alcohol is a Dangerous Chemical Work File Review Section One: Look at each of the statements below. Based on what you have heard and what you believe, which ones are facts and which ones are myths? Place an â€Å"x† next to the answer that represents your choice. *ATOD Orange County Schools Check your answers by selecting the â€Å"Alcohol Pretest Key† on the 4. 2 Activity page. 1. Drinking is part of being an adult. Eventually, everybody drinks alcohol. Fact ____ Fiction __Y__ 2. Drinking makes you more appealing to others. Fact ____ Fiction Y 3. A mixed drink contains more alcohol than beer.Fact _Y___ Fiction ____ 4. A person's size can determine how quickly alcohol can have a negative effect. Fact ____ Fiction _Y___ 5. Coffee is a good way to sober up. Fact __Y__ Fiction ____ 6. Only a few deaths from car accidents are related to alcohol usage. Fact ____ Fiction _Y___ 7. Alcohol is a dangerous drug. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ 8. Drinking makes bad feelings go away. Fact ____ Fiction __Y__ 9. Drinking makes your problems disappear. Fact ____ Fiction __Y__ 10. Mixing alcohol with another drug can cause overdose and death. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ 11.As soon as alcohol reaches your stomach, it affects your abilities. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ 12. Alcohol has no effect on family violence. Fact ____ Fiction Y 13. Alcohol is a poison. Fact YFiction____ 14. Women who drink during pregnancy may have retarded or deformed children. Fact Y Fiction ____ 15. Children of alcoholic parents are more likely to become alcoholics. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ Note taking is important for this lesson. Read the questions on the left side of the page very carefully and then record meaningful facts and ideas in the main larger, right-hand column.Be sure to read each stated web site very carefully. Your test will come directly from the notes. This method for taking notes is called â€Å"Cornell Note Taking. † Questions/Main Ideas:Notes_______________________ ______________________ Select: Blood Alcohol Educator 1. List three facts that you have learned from this site. Men has better drinking skill than women 2. Compare the various effects that alcohol has on the mind and body at two different blood alcohol concentrations. 3. Evaluate the decision by all fifty states to enact a BAC limit of . 8 as the legal limit for drunk driving on drivers over the age of 21. Why was this law so important for everyone's health and safety? Select: Myths about alcohol[->0] 1. List at least three organs that can be affected by alcohol use. 2. If you were involved with alcohol as a teen, predict what four people (other than your parents) would be most affected by your use of alcohol. Select: What is a drink? [->1] 1. What is the definition of a standard drink for beer, wine and distilled spirits? 2. How does the amount of alcohol in a malt liquor compare to other brewed beverages? . Why can’t you group all 12 ounce beers as having the same alcohol c ontent just as you would with one 12 ounce wine cooler? Select: Drinking and Driving[->2] 1. Analyze the promising but inadequately evaluated measures that can be used to reduce drinking and driving. Please predict the 3 that you think would be the most beneficial. 2. Identify 2 ways that you can help in the task of reducing drinking and driving. 3. Explain BAC and explain its importance in determining DUI or DWI. Heart, liver, stomach GF, friend, teacher, sister Select: Effects on the Body[->3] . List five (5) effects alcohol has on the body’s central nervous system. 2. Contrast a healthy liver with that of a liver affected by alcohol consumption. Include a minimum of 4 facts in your note-taking column. 3. Imagine you are a physician. A 40- year-old patient comes to you complaining about her health. During your consultation, you find out she has consumed a 12-pack of beer every night for the past 17 years. Speculate the condition of her body, making sure to include the effec ts of alcohol on her brain, intestines, liver and bones.Select: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome[->4] 1. What problems may a baby have if the mother drinks while she is pregnant? 2. What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? 3. A pregnant woman is at a family birthday party. Her brother brings her a drink called a white Russian (it has three different shots of liquor and milk in it). Her brother says it will be good for you –â€Å"it has milk in it†-what should she do? 4. You are at your friend’s house for dinner and your friend’s mother who is pregnant is drinking wine with dinner.You have been taking the life management class online and learned about fetal alcohol syndrome; your friend is concerned about her mother drinking while being pregnant. What could you do to help? [->0] – http://web. archive. org/web/20070414002507/http:/madd. org/stats/0,1056,1156,00. html [->1] – http://pubs. niaaa. nih. gov/publications/Practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2. htm [->2] – http://www2. potsdam. edu/hansondj/DrinkingAndDriving. html [->3] – http://www. collegedrinkingprevention. gov/CollegeStudents/interactiveBody. aspx [->4] – http://www. nofas. org/

Reconstruction of the United States after the Civil War essays

Reconstruction of the United States after the Civil War essays The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. As a result of this free African Americans faced the problem of hostile whites around them preventing them to prosper. Despite the defeat of the Confederacy the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly freed black population. The Reconstruction was the time after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the United States was reorganizing the southern states and providing the means to accepting them back to the Union. Also to define how whites and blacks could live together, peacefully. These two major problems were placed on the weight of the soldiers of Andrew Johnson. Johnson became president after Abraham Lincoln. He was born in to a poor family, so he taught himself how to read and married a wife who taught him how to write. Before his presidency, he was the only senator from a confederate state to remain loyal to the Union. He hated wealthy slave owners. Before Abraham Lincolns assassination, he made it clear that he wanted a lenient Reconstruction plan. In December 1863, he announced his Proclamation of Amnesty which is also known as the Ten-Percent Plan. Lincoln's Reconstruction plan was designed to make an easy, peaceful reentry of the former Confederate states into the Union. Lincoln's policy was to forgive the South, rather than to punish them. Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan allowed the former Confederate states to rejoin the Union when ten percent of the voters declared their loyalty to the Union. Lincoln's plan would let white southerners control the reconstruction process. Under this plan, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia came back to the Union. Lincoln wanted to let plantation owners keep their property, rather than divide up plantation property and give the land to former slaves. Lincoln's p...

American Government Journal Topics

American Government Journal Topics Journal topics can be another method  for students to learn about American Government. The following topics can be used in Civics and American Government courses: Democracy to me means†¦An alien has just landed. Explain to that alien the purpose of government.Identify a need in your school that you believe should be addressed. Write in your journal what changes you believe should be made as if you were presenting this to your principal.Describe what you believe life would be like in a dictatorship.What questions would you specifically like to ask the President of the United States?Taxes in this country are†¦If I could add an amendment to the constitution it would be†¦Capital punishment is†¦Which is more important to your daily life: local government, state government, or federal government? Explain in our journal why you answered as you did.The state of _____ (fill in your state) is unique because†¦I consider myself (republican, democrat, independent) because†¦Republicans are†¦Democrats are†¦If you could step back in time, what questions would you ask the founding fathers?Which Founding Father or Foundin g Mother would you most like to meet? Why?What three words would you use to describe America? Explain how you plan to participate in government as you grow older.Public opinion polls are†¦Imagine that the school board has decided to eliminate your favorite program from school. For example, they might have decided to do away with art classes, band, track and field, etc. What could you do to protest this move?A president should be†¦

Pharmacy & Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmacy & Technology - Essay Example The drugs allow us to live healthier and more productive lives. However, they can also have negative side-effects if they are not taken correctly. Indeed, some drug regimes are very complex and can require the consumption of as many as a dozen different pills several times a day. The level of complexity is so high that many people need professional advice. This is where pharmacists come into the picture. These people study many years and must be very clever to reach the position they are in. However, there is another essential element that pharmacists must possess: intuition. Intuition is a fundamentally human trait. It allows people to make assumptions and come up with ideas that go outside of the box. It allows a pharmacist to suspect that someone may be faking an illness in order to score free drugs. It also allows a pharmacist to anticipate a problem a patient may have with the drug regime they are on. In other words, dispensing drugs is not something a machine can do. In todays world technology has made so many things more easily. In car factories, robots assemble large portions of each car and they do it very well. In marking lots, machines take our money and dispense tickets and let us in and out of the parking lot. All of these things provide a lot of convenience in our every day lives. Of course, we always want to make our lives more and more convenient. That said, there must be a limit. Should we replace our school bus drivers with robots? Most people would disagree. Should we replace our doctors? No. The majority of people believe that there are some services and functions in our society that should be performed by people because only a person has the intuition and judgement to deal with complex and human situations. Does that mean that a human doctor or pharmacist will always get it right? No, but they will be better equipped to deal with such

American Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Government - Research Paper Example History of same sex marriages is young. In 1993, the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled in favor of same sex marriages, as their rights were denied to them on the basis of their sex and not sexual orientation (NYT 2012). Though Hawaii defined by law that marriage is to be between a man and a woman only, conservatives across the country lobbied (NYT 2012). In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act, which denied federal benefits to married people of the same sex and authorized states to neglect gay marriages sanctioned in other states (NYT 2012). Same sex marriage is still illegal at the federal level, though practiced by several states. The Massachusetts Supreme Court in 2004 ruled that the same sex marriage is legal in the State of Massachusetts (NYT 2012). Since then, a few other states followed the suit: New York, Connecticut, Iowa, New Hampshire, Vermont and Washington, D.C. (NYT 2012). It was not until 2012 when Vice President Biden publicly stated that he supported same sex marriages that President Obama decided to push for same sex marriages to be legalized in the USA (NYT 2012). In 2011, President Obama â€Å"directed the Justice Department to  stop defending the Defense of Marriage Act† (NYT 2012).    Though some states legalized same sex marriages, the refusal to acknowledge these marriages is not a violation in other states. According to the Article IV of the US Constitution, the Full Faith and Credit Clause, states must respect each other’s laws (Sachs 1203). However, under the Defense of Marriage Act this is no longer true. This act excuses states from being in compliance with laws of other states with regard to same sex marriages. According to Sachs, states can do so as long as the laws of other states conflict with their own, important national interests (1205). Since Congress did not clearly state under what conditions states must comply with other’s states’ laws, the Full Faith and

Sarbanes Oxley Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sarbanes Oxley Act - Essay Example The degree of disclosure of financial information is also a main reason. Mostly the corporate running bodies do not find them answerable in front of any regulatory body; therefore they keep on trying 'innovative' ideas for which others have to pay. (Maclean, 2005) Financial information in the form of audited accounts can prevent the system slipping into corruption (Sunlight is the best detergent), but it is not clear why, for example, a superior US financial reporting infrastructure did not help us detect Enron. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745 (July 30, 2002), is a United States federal law also known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 (and commonly called SOX or SarbOx). With the major financial reforms in most of the countries of the world the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in the United states in order to deal with the issues such as establishment of the public company, the level of auditor's independence, proper monitoring of the accounting practices of the company under a board, corporate social responsibility and enhancement in the financial disclosure to the prescribed level by the act. The law is seen as the major reform in the after the New Deal passed in 1930. The act revolutionized United States securities laws. The House approved act with the majority of 423-3 and Senate by 97-0. The act increased the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission powers. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act's requires the companies to make their financial reports certify by the chief executive officers and chief financial officers. According to the act the Executive officers and directors are not allowed to take personal loans. The act prescribed the companies for the extended disclosure of the financial information in order to improve the shareholders and stakeholders accountability. The act also increased the jail sentence duration and increased the fine amount in case of violence of the securities law or misuse. The corporate executives misstating the financial information will also have to face increased sentence time duration and higher amount of penalties. The act also prohibited the audit firms to provide any services additional to that of the auditing to the companies they are working for. The compensation of the Chief executives and other higher executives are also required to be reported. The act also accelerated reporting of trades by insiders and prohi bition on insider trades during pension fund blackout periods. (Wikipedia, 2006) Reference Maclean, P., (2005). Power Play - Robert McCullough was interviewed for an article covering Enron's role in the California power crisis and its aftermath, Portland Monthly, May 2005, Retrieved 05/005/06 from Wikipedia, (2006). Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Retrieved 05/005

Economical and religious repression Essay Example for Free

Economical and religious repression Essay Illustrate from Blakes songs the ways the poet shows that the people of his time were alienated from their natural selves and from society by political, economical and religious repression A major target of Blakes in the conquest to correct the unnatural state of society was that of religion and the Church. Blake was an unconventional Christian. Although clearly religious, as seen in poems such as The Lamb and Night, he abhorred the concept of organised religion and believed it to be an extremely damaging institution which was more concerned with the oppression of the lower classes and the continuance of the unequal status quo than with true religion. Blake believed the moral codes that were extolled by the Church were significantly damaging to society, making innocent concepts deviant and causing bitter unhappiness. In The Garden of Love, Blake conveys his feelings on the repressive qualities of religion. This poem is the basis for Blakes theory on repressive religion, using The Garden of Love as a basis for the damaging effects of religious bans, Blake then goes onto portray how the effects change with different experiences such as love and sex. In the poem, the speaker returns to The Garden of Love where he used to play (which seems to refer to the innocent discovery of sexuality by children) and finds that it has been transformed. Where once children used to play on the green there are now priests in black gowns, and gravestones where there used to be flowers. The speaker has become aware of Church law and its oppressive bans, Blake emphasises the influence of the religious morals by use of metrical technique. The power of Thou shalt not paralyses the poem, with three successive stresses halting the regularly anapaestic rhythm. In the same way that Thou shalt not stops the flow of the poem, the construction of the Chapel stops the innocent play of children. In the design which accompanies the poem children are seen praying over the graves of Joys Desires, which were murdered by the Church. Blake further expands his theory on how repressive religion alienates people of his day from their natural selves in his two poems on sexual intercourse, The Blossom and The Sick Rose. The Blossom is a celebration of what Blake would call completely natural sex, being free from morals and repressive religion it is a wonderful and joyous occasion, so full of emotion that it makes the robin sob with joy. The Blossom is full of positive language, such as happy, merry and pretty and contains a simple and bouncing rhythm that conveys the naturalness of the act and how positive such sex is. The Sick Rose on the other hand portrays sexual intercourse at its most depraved and shameful. The poem is a vision of sex under the influence of repressive religious morals and restricting social conventions; it portrays sexual intercourse under the influence of repressive religious morals. The poem utilises a complicated and lumpy rhythm, with a mix of anapaestic and iambic feet and a disturbing first line which is difficult to scan, the world of Experience is clearly evoked through Blakes metrical technique. The poems imagery of an invisible worm flying at night in a howling storm is full of darkness, violence and depravity. The Rose hides (implied by found out) her sexual pleasure, her bed of crimson joy, which reveals the hypocrisy of female pleasure in this depraved form of sex; the Rose has sexual desire but hides it from the invisible worm. In the final two lines Blake sums up his point of the poem, that this kind of sexual intercourse, this dark secret love, Does thy life destroy. Through his portrayal of love and sex in the Songs, Blake shows the damaging effects of religious repression. Repressive religious morals and laws have led to the body becoming detached from the soul, and sex, which the Church associates with the body, has become a seedy and deviant act. In these poems, Blake has shown that the Church has alienated people from their natural selves. In My Pretty Rose Tree, Blake reveals his beliefs on the unnatural constraints of marriage. Blake repudiated any kind of binding contracts or morals, which might constrain the natural self from its freedom and marriage fell firmly within his sights. As far as Blake was concerned, marriage was a dead institution (as revealed by the marriage hearse of London) and an unnatural social prison which severely damaged peoples natural selves. In the poem, a flower was offered to the speaker, a metaphor for an extra-marital affair, by a woman which the speaker finds attractive (Such a flower as May never bore). However, the unnatural constraints of marriage cause the speaker to unhappily, suggested by the slowing of the rhythm with a double stress in And I passed the sweet flower oer, turn down the offer and return to his wife, his Pretty Rose tree. The artificial boundaries of marriage have led to the speaker giving up the chance of being happy with his sweet flower and to being trapped with his jealous Rose tree whose thorns are his only delight. Blake suggests that without the constraints of marriage that the speaker would have been free to follow his heart, rather than conforming to an artificial law and becoming unhappy. In London, Blake further expresses his attitude towards marriage. In the poem, marriage is presented as a hearse, a vessel for carrying the dead, though with their bodies (their sexual selves) being dead in a loveless and institutionalised marriage which extols the virtues of the soul over the deviant and depraved body. Blake blames the unnatural state of love in society on the Churchs separation of body and soul. The separation has forced the soul to be encapsulated in marriage and the body to be forced to become deviant and turn to youthful Harlots. Sexual pleasure has only two options, either a loveless marriage or buying pleasure from seedy and diseased prostitutes. Marriage, in Blakes eyes, has made all sexual pleasure the kind found in The Sick Rose, depraved and hidden, whereas in a world free from the unnatural constraints alienating people from themselves, people would be able to enjoy the pleasure found in The Blossom.

To Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis :: essays research papers

TKAM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many people in To Kill a Mockingbird that have significant influences of Scout and Jem’s actions. The two that stood out boldly to me, however, were Atticus and Calpurnia. Atticus, being the children’s father, tought his kids many moral lessons. Calpurnia acted as a mother to Jem and Scout. Throughout every chapter these two charactors were making connections that only parents can do. They both inflicted fundamental influence on the children. Atticus and Calpurnia were both essential charactors in supporting Jem and Scouts actions because they represented parental values needed for success in life; as does my father, who teaches me things no one else can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atticus was definitely a major role model for both his children because he was a well-mannered father. From the beginning of the novel until the end, his kids were trying to make him proud of them. â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand† (Pg. 116) is just one of the non-violent, influential lessons he told his children. One of the many ideas he tries to make clear to Scout throughout the novel is to not judge people, which is the primary conflict in the story. â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view...Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it† (Pg. 34) is yet another example. Atticus is the key authority in the lives of his two children. He clearly recognizes their problems, gives them the advice they need, and lets his children handle their problems. He is distinctly there for them everytime they need him. A tticus is an unparelelled charactor in making major impacts upon Scout and Jem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calpurnia, although not as influential as Atticus, was more of an influence at the beginning of the novel. She loved Scout and Jem like her own children. Cal disciplined them like a mother, and loved them like a mother as well. By taking them to her church and telling Scout she could come to her house, she evidently crossed a barrier from â€Å"housemaid† to a friend or a guardian. â€Å"Folks don’t like to have somebody around knowin’ more than they do. It aggrevates ‘em† (Pg. 128) something she tells Scout about why she talks different around black friends than how she normally speaks. This is one of the many lessons Scout learned in the book.

IT Business Outsourcing Essay

IT Business Outsourcing involves contracting of specific processes as well as tasks of IT business to a third party or who can provide the service (Gewirtz, 2007). These days a lot of variation can be seen in the business environment, the reason for which is the impact of external factors like changes in the preference of customer. These changes have increased the business pressures in order of performance improvement and competition. Business firms, now days are really facing a lot of pressure to continue reviewing their performance in order to cope up with the current market. Innovation and creativity are the two things which are really very important and highly stress on the improvement of the market position. Hence, to cope with this complex environment, IT business process outsourcing has been as one of the solution in order to improve performance. Outsourcing a process to any proficient company which have ample amount of professional awareness as well as experience can improve the operational efficiency of the business. However all these are based on the amount pf professionalism shown by the company. However, such improvements depend on the levels of professionalism displayed by the third party entity. This means the major emphasis should be given to the level of expertise, time and finances. A third part must have all these qualities to apply as an outsourcer. Problem statement Essential requirement for a business when deciding for outsourcing is adequate information on the assessment of risk otherwise this feature has the ability to hamper your brand image (Sullivan, 2006). Outsourcing should be a result of the organizations decision making capability. Different viewpoints should be taken into consideration with all the important entities like major as well as minor stake holders. External as well as internal environment should also be taken into consideration. Decision should be made on such criteria where you are confirm that the outsourcer have adequate amount of highly professional employee strength and support structures. The objective of this problem study is to find out various variables that a business organization must have to consider when deciding for outsourcing like what are the various risk associated with the business, what type of change management is needed and who all are included in the decision making process, etc. In order to take the correct decision, few objectives are needed to be prepared for better management. Following are some important objectives which should be adopted by every organization thinking for outsourcing. 1. First objective which is very essential is to find out all the most important variables which a business should consider while deciding about the outsourcing of their information processes. It is very important there are lots of factors which can affect the business while outsourcing like finance, employees, amount of profit, geographical location etc. Hence, the main task is to identify the main factors that a business organization should consider. 2. Second objective is to verify if the assessment of risk is making impact on the procedure of decision making when looking for outsourcing the information process. This is very important as without risk assessment, how to know what are the different risks associated with the outsourcing business (Harris, 2008). It gives a clear idea that these are the risk and in order to go for outsourcing you need to cope up with all these. 3. Third thing which is needed to be kept in mind is to verify if the requirement for change management extensively effect the decision about the outsourcing of information processes (Mead, 2005). Change management is basically an organized approach to deal with various changes, from the point of view of organization as well as individual. 4. Fourth objective is to evaluate all the entities required for decision making by a business. These entities are mainly the stakeholders in the organization. It’s very important to involve only those stakeholders who are needed for decision making. Purpose Statement At the time of deciding whether to outsource or not, one thing you should always keep in mind that is do whatever you can do yourself and outsource the remaining. There are many processes that are executed in a company, all of which are not equally important. Except the core process, all other processes are not so relevant. They are just acceptable. Outsourcing IT business process should essentially be the decision of business firm and not an individual’s decision like the top management only. Around 20 industries are taken as the number of participants to complete this survey and the location for study is south East Asia, basically India and Philippines. First necessary step for an organization is to decide whether the outsourcing decision will fit their organizational model and if yes, then why. Even though functioning in same line of business, one company can have ample reason for outsourcing while on the same line; another one can found that reasoning not worth. Making decision is not a very hard process, however, determining whether to outsource or not, what process to be outsourced and what are the objective to be accomplished are some of the important factors to be taken seriously. First variable to be analyzed is the understanding of the core-competencies of the organization because this understanding will help decide what to make and what to buy or outsource. To analyze the quantitative side, all related costs should be evaluated that arise from different task like production, goods delivery or the in-house service. As outsourcing relates to future costs, investigation must be done comparing all the future costs. Now, to analyze the qualitative factor, some issues that should be kept in mind are: Is there some cultural match among company and the outsourcer, can you be willing to share data openly, reliability of the outsourcer, who among both of you has better skills and practices, technology is largely known or not and how hard is this to recruit for the function? One more important thing is that the outsourced process should be core to outsourcer. Outsourcing should provide benefits like cost reduction, flexibility, targeted expertise, benchmark quality and efficiency profits. If these variables are not resulting in positive, then the outsourcer is not the correct one. As outsourcing is very critical for growth of a firm, thus a strong evaluation panel should be setup which should consist of most competent and appreciated employees who will help in deciding on the outsourcing and outsourcer (Wijers,  2009). Decision for outsourcing is entirely dependent on a formula called QCDV which stand for the quality, expenditure or cost involved, delivery at right time, and at last value. in fact, quality as well as the delivery is the most important component for deciding outsourcing as they openly influence your customer as well as businesses reputation and hence sales. In addition, the panel should also judge current regulations, governing bodies and standards of the firm which is associated with the production as well as completion of task in timely manner, that are associated with producing a product or completing a task in a timely manner. The main aspect for evaluation must be the financial saving which outsourcing should provide to the firm. Outsourcing’s main objective should be to save capital. The outsourcer must recognize the firm’s expectations in terms of cost reduction as well as overall performance. Hence, the panel should develop an analysis standard on cost/performance which the outsourcer should have to go through each quarter. This will allow the company to check how much capital as well as expenses are used in the process and if the process is saving money or not.

Problems and Prospects of the Chongming Dontan Ramsar Site

Name: Su Zhelong UtasNum: 144362 SOUNum: 0991340 Word Count: 1846 KGA 378 Long Essay: Pressures, Problems and Prospects of the Chongming Dontan Ramsar Site I. Introduction From the pre-industrial period to post-industrial period, the problems caused by environment deterioration always come with the great economic growth and significant technical promotion. To equilibrate social development and environmental health puzzles people all over the world at present while poverty still affect one fifth of human population after the population explosion and accelerating urbanization.The contradiction typically occurs in the coastal zones, which are under the pressure from population growth, pollution, over-exploitation of resources and habitat degradation due to these areas hold approximately half of the world’s population. In China, the whole country is fueled by â€Å"powerful social and economic forces† that are â€Å"promoting individual development and land reclamationâ₠¬  (Yang, 1999; Yang et al. , 2001 cited in Zhao et al. , 2004). This author focused on the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site as a case to discuss its pressures, problems and prospects in the development dilemma of the changing world.Chongming Island is the third largest island in China(1200km2) and the largest alluvial island in the world that located in north of Shanghai city. As a migratory staging and wintering site for millions of birds and spawning and feeding grounds for 63 species of fish, Chongming Dongtan provides important ecological services with its extraordinary resources. (Zhao et al. , 2004) The essay used SWOT analysis process to evaluate the ecological situation of Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site, therefore, the article discussed this issue from four main aspects: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.II. SWOT Analysis: Strengths The strengths of Chongming Dongtan Ramsar site can be concluded as three respects: geographic advantages, abundant resources and bi ological diversity. Firstly, the Chongming Dongtan is the most large-scaled and well-developed tidal wetland and the mouth of the river. It is located in the easternmost Chongming Island that formed by the sediment accumulation from the runoff of Yangzi River. Moreover, the Dongtan is still increasing in size by about 500 ha annually to the East Ocean through the deposition of sand. (Zhao et al. 2004) This position, the coastal area in the center of Yangzi Delta, is the midpoint along the only way that must be passed of migratory birds in Pacific Asia that many birds stop here to take rest and food when they pass by in spring and summer. Besides, it is also a wintering site for millions of birds because of its moderate climate (Shi et al. , 2001). Secondly, the extensive tidal-flat area and hierarchical distribution make the Dongtan rich in both inorganic and organic resources. The luxuriant aquatic plant and massive plankton provide adequate food for birds and reptiles.As a habitat , especially in winter, the widely flourishingly growing reed is very suitable to perch and hatch for birds. Lastly, the Dongtan site has amazing biological diversity that 63 species of fish including the rare animal which is on the verge of extinction – Chinese sturgeon and 108 species of migratory birds. The total number of the birds aggregates three million which is the tenth of China and quarter of Shanghai area. III. SWOT Analysis: Weaknesses Since 1960s the Chinese, both government and civilians, started to exploit the Chongming Island, the total annual ecosystem service values in Dongtan keep declining until today.Especially after the reform and open, the fast industrialization and economic development accelerate the environmental degradation in Dongtan. Just between 1990 and 2000, the total ecosystem service values had reduced 62%, which was largerly attributable to the 71% loss of wetlands and tidal flats. (Zhao et al. , 2004) According to relative research, the main reasons, also the weakness, of Dongtan are mostly from two aspects: the depletion caused by overdevelopment and inning and the water discharge pollution. From 1964 to 2001, there were more than 20 times of inning activity that occupied over 14198. hm. The inning activities becomes increasingly frequent and large-scaled that result in the wetlands/tidal flats shrunk from 12,432 ha in 1990 to 7915ha in 1997, and 3856 ha in 2000. In contrast, the orchard /plant nursery had increased from 80 ha in 1990 to 3863 ha in 2000. (Zhao et al. , 2004) The detailed situation of land structure changes had been listed in the following tables: Tables from Zhao B. , Kreuter U. , Li B. , Ma Z. , Chen J. & Nakagoshi N. , 2004, An Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Land-use Change on Chongming Island, China, Land Use Policy, Volume 21, pages 139-148.In addition, the reed regions area fell off from 2039. 78 hm to 810. 17 hm and the salt marsh area decreased from 539. 27 hm to 391. 43 hm. Influenced b y the changes, many birds are forced to leave the original habitat so that the total number of birds dropped with the tidal reduction. These irrational distributions of land use broke up the ecosystem balance and caused high rate of environmental services loss that will bring serious negative ecological consequences in long term. The shortsighted activities will finally limit the development of the area and lead to economically costly outcomes.The other weakness of Dongtan site is the water quality degradation because of the sewage discharge. There are 16 township enterprises use 166. 67 tidal lands to initiate ship dismantlement factories, which produced serious water pollution with waste oil and Toxic chemical substances that make the large-area reed withered or dead. Particularly in the combined concentrated sewage discharge outlets, the water quality of both the intertidal and offshore was polluted by the heavy metal contamination and organic pollution (PAHs and LABs). Shi et al . , 2001) from almost three million m3 sewage per day is discharged to the coastal zone water body. Compared with the industrial centralized sewage discharge, the non-point pollution from urban runoff, agriculture and aquaculture contributes much more significant percentage of the total pollution. Despite these two factors, poaching activities and wetland grazing also wreck the environmental heath of Dongtan site in different degrees. IV. SWOT Analysis: OpportunitiesIn 1992, the Chongming Dongtan had been put in the Chinese Protected Wetland Dictionary while it was brought into The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance and other international important wetland lists. The Dongtan sites undertake the functions of environmental damage resisting, environment purifying and maintain the biological diversity. Due to its great meaning for sustainable development of multiple regions, the Shanghai City made decisions of constructing Chongming Island into the largest ecolog ical island in China.The Chongming Dongtan Wetland Nature Protection Area, Chongming Dongtan Migratory Birds Nature Protection Area of Shanghai and Chongming Dongtan Wetland Park had been established in succession. The foundation of these protection areas will effectively retard the environmental degradation in Dongtan site and promote the environmental quality through policy and integrated management. At the same time, in order to lighten the pressure of exploit on the wetland, the government has built a convenient communication network to stimulate the tourist industry and economic growth.The overall plan of Dongtan transport system development has four parts: * Freeway traffic: the G40 line, important part of national highway network that connects East China and North China, will cross the Chongming Island through Shanghai Yangzi River Tunnel; * Rail transit: the subway 9th line will reach the Chengjia Town in Chongming Island across the Yangzi River; * Water traffic: dork constr uction along the south band of the Yangzi River; * Air traffic: the parking apron for helicopter in the International Forum Island, which is in the south of Dongtan Avenue, has been built already.To deal with the water pollution from sewage discharge, the Chongming ecological construction plan states that the wetland sewage treatment project is under building. This project aims to concentrate both industrial and sanitary sewage to purge before discharge to improve the water quality of the area. Three of the 9 programmed sewage disposal works had been accomplished and come into service. The total sewage treatment system includes sewage collection network, preprocessing system and artificial wetland processing system. The treated water can be directly discharge into the farmland or irrigate plants.This sewage treatment system can handle 6 million tons of water per day that is the biggest sewage disposal work in Chongming Island. V. SWOT Analysis: Threats The last section is to analysi s the potential problems or threats to the future development of the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site. As the arguer had mentioned before, the Chongming Dongtan is formed by the sand sedimentation from the water flow of the Yangzi River. Thus the area of the wetland/tidal flats still keeps increasing because the sedimentation process continues to bring solid matter.However, the water conservancy construction in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, like the Three Gorges Hydropower Station and . projects to divert water from the south to the north, substantially diminishes the sediment charge of the current while the water flow does not change. Less sediment concentration slows down the speed of wetland and tidal flats increasing. Corresponding, affected by the storm surge, many coastal areas have been widespread eroded. The problem will become more and more serious if no measures are taken.Every year, thousands of fishing vessels gather from different provinces to Chongming Dongtan t o fish for eels. The massive fishery activity invades and occupies the habitat of birds and brings significant pollution like noise of motor and engine oil. The geese and ducks overwintering has been serious disturbed that they could not foraging and perch safely and peacefully. The frail ecosystem that is lack of unified management has been wantonly destroyed from the immoderate seining. (Yin, Jiang & Li, 2008)In addition, the local plants like scirpus mariqueter and reed provide necessary food and habitat for migratory birds. Notwithstanding, the invasive alien species like spartina is growing in extreme abundance and snatching resources from local plants while these invasive alien species cannot take place of the local plants’ functions. (Yuan et al. , 2003) Therefore, if the reed has be instead of the invasive alien species, the species and quantity of the bird will sharply decrease thus the environmental services of tidal flats are not functioning properly.VI. Conclusion In conclusion, after the SWOT analysis of the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site, the author had summarized the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The pressures of the Dongtan mostly come from over exploit, resource depletion and human-made pollution from many aspects especially the sewage discharge. The reduction of wetlands/tidal flats caused by enclose tideland for cultivation and less sediment concentration in water flow of Yangzi River and immoderate seining are the major problems for the protection area.However, a number of measures taken by the government of Shanghai City, for instance, the foundation of three natural protection areas, integrated high speed communication network and sewage treatment works, will make remarkable difference to the present situation. The author considered the poor management of Dongtan site as the primary restriction to limit its development. Thus, applying the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) will be a proper solution to deve lop and protect the Dongtan and its resources.By uniforming a common objective of national and local authorities, the ICZM will promote the way of coastal area using and balance the demands from natural, economic, cultural and social needs. (Shi et al. , 2001) VII. Reference O? Connell M. , 2000. , Threats to Waterbirds and Wetlands: Implications for Conservation, Inventory and Research, Wildfowl, Volume 51, pages 1-15. Shi C. , Hutchinson S. M. , Yu L. & Xu S. , 2001, Towards a Sustainable Coast: An Integrated Coastal Zone Management Framework for Shanghai, People? Republic of China, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 44, pages 411-427. Tian B. , Zhang L. , Wang X. , Zhou Y. & Zhang W. , 2010, Forecasting the effects of sea-level rise at Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in the Yangtze Delta, Shanghai, China, Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0925857410001709 [Access at May 15th 2012] Yin H. , Jiang W. & Li J. , 2008, Simulation of Non-Point Pollutant s Evolution in Coastal Plain Island-A Case Study of Chongming Island, Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. om/science/article/pii/S1001605808600530 [Access at May 15th 2012] Yuan W. , James P. , Hodgson K. , Hutchinson S. M. & Shi C. , 2003, Development of sustainability indicators by communities in China: a case study of Chongming County, Shanghai, Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S030147970300063X [Access at May 15th 2012] Zhao B. , Kreuter U. , Li B. , Ma Z. , Chen J. & Nakagoshi N. , 2004, An Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Land-use Change on Chongming Island, China, Land Use Policy, Volume 21, pages 139-148.